Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization leads to soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity changes and rainfed crop yield increase on the Loess Plateau of China: A 37-year study

More than 80% of plants form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and the application of fertilizers, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers, is a common agricultural management practice to improve crop yield and quality. However, the potential effects of long-term N and P fertilization on the AMF community in the rainfed agricultural system of the Loess Plateau of China are still not well understood. In this study, a long-term field experiment was conducted based on orthogonal design, with three N levels (0, 90, and 180 kg ha^‑1 year^‑1) and three P levels (0, 90, and 180 kg ha^‑1 year^‑1) for wheat fertilization. Changes in AMF community and correlations between AMF community composition, soil environmental factors, and wheat yield component traits were analyzed using traditional biochemical methods and high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that long-term N and P addition had a significant effect on the AMF community structure and composition. Nitrogen application alone significantly reduced the richness and diversity of AMF community, whereas the combined application of N and P significantly increased the richness and diversity of AMF community. The AMF community was driven mainly by soil available P, total P, and pH. There was a significant positive correlation between Glomus abundance and wheat yield and a significant negative correlation between Paraglomus abundance and wheat yield. Long-term N and P addition directly increased crop yield and affected yield indirectly by influencing soil chemical properties and the AMF community. Combined application of N and P both at 90 kg ha^‑1 year^‑1 could improve the ecological and physiological functions of the AMF community and benefit the sustainable development of rainfed agriculture.