Population synthesis of Be X-ray binaries: metallicity dependence of total X-ray outputs
Abstract
X-ray binaries (XRBs) are thought to regulate cosmic thermal and ionization histories during the Epoch of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn (z ~ 5-30). Theoretical predictions of the X-ray emission from XRBs are important for modelling such early cosmic evolution. Nevertheless, the contribution from Be-XRBs, powered by accretion of compact objects from decretion discs around rapidly rotating O/B stars, has not been investigated systematically. Be-XRBs are the largest class of high-mass XRBs (HMXBs) identified in local observations and are expected to play even more important roles in metal-poor environments at high redshifts. In light of this, we build a physically motivated model for Be-XRBs based on recent hydrodynamic simulations and observations of decretion discs. Our model is able to reproduce the observed population of Be-XRBs in the Small Magellanic Cloud with appropriate initial conditions and binary stellar evolution parameters. We derive the X-ray output from Be-XRBs as a function of metallicity in the (absolute) metallicity range Z ∈ [10-4, 0.03] with a large suite of binary population synthesis (BPS) simulations. The simulated Be-XRBs can explain a non-negligible fraction ($\gtrsim 30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) of the total X-ray output from HMXBs observed in nearby galaxies for Z ~ 0.0003-0.02. The X-ray luminosity per unit star formation rate from Be-XRBs in our fiducial model increases by a factor of ~8 from Z = 0.02 to Z = 0.0003, which is similar to the trend seen in observations of all types of HMXBs. We conclude that Be-XRBs are potentially important X-ray sources that deserve greater attention in BPS of XRBs.
- Publication:
-
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Pub Date:
- January 2024
- DOI:
- arXiv:
- arXiv:2308.06154
- Bibcode:
- 2024MNRAS.527.5023L
- Keywords:
-
- stars: emission-line;
- Be;
- stars: evolution;
- X-rays: binaries;
- dark ages;
- reionization;
- first stars;
- Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena;
- Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics;
- Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies;
- Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
- E-Print:
- 26 pages, 16+7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, added discussions on supernova kicks, stellar winds and treatments of super-Eddington accretion and angular momentum loss during mass transfer