Physically 100 % renewable electricity supply through hybrid electricity storage – A top-down modelling study for the case of Austria
Abstract
A top-down model calculation based on real generation and demand data is presented for the hypothetical case of 100 % renewable electricity generation combined with hybrid electricity storage infrastructure in the Austrian control area (9 million inhabitants, electric demand ∼70 TWh per year). To reach 100 % physical coverage by renewables, the actual wind and photovoltaic generation curves in the selected reference year of 2022 were scaled by a factor of 2.8 and 30, respectively. In the scope of the presented system are lithium-ion battery storage (cyclic efficiency 90 %), pumped hydro storage (70 %) and power-to-gas storage with subsequent re-electrification in gas turbine combined cycle plants operated as combined heat and power (CHP) system (30 %). Our core aspect lies in the optimized operation of the hybrid storage system, where the charging and discharging of the storage technology with higher cyclic efficiency is given priority. A straightforward cascading control algorithm is applied with individual elements functioning as simple proportional controllers. The results show how a 100 % renewable electricity system in Austria could be configured, partially building upon existing electricity generation infrastructure (pumped hydro and gas turbine combined cycle plants) and on the implementation of new lithium-ion battery storage with a total capacity of 100 GWh and new electrolysis infrastructure with a power of 5 to 10 GW. To overcome existing limitations of the presented model, an extension to a more complex model with spatial differentiation and consideration of electricity grid characteristics and constraints is recommended.
- Publication:
-
Journal of Energy Storage
- Pub Date:
- April 2024
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.est.2024.110996
- Bibcode:
- 2024JEnSt..8510996M
- Keywords:
-
- b<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- SOC lithium-ion battery [%];
- b<SUB loc="post">s</SUB>;
- Initial SOC lithium-ion battery [%];
- cb<SUB loc="post">s</SUB>;
- Capacity lithium-ion battery [TWh];
- cg<SUB loc="post">s</SUB>;
- Capacity power-to-gas [TWh];
- CH<SUB loc="post">4</SUB>;
- Methane;
- cp<SUB loc="post">s</SUB>;
- Capacity pumped hydro storage [TWh];
- CO<SUB loc="post">2</SUB>;
- Carbon dioxide;
- f<SUB loc="post">pv</SUB>;
- Expansion factor photovoltaic power generation [-];
- fw;
- Expansion factor wind power generation [-];
- GHG;
- Greenhouse gas emissions;
- H<SUB loc="post">2</SUB>;
- Hydrogen;
- k<SUB loc="post">g</SUB>;
- Proportional gain constant power-to-gas [MW/%SOC];
- k<SUB loc="post">p</SUB>;
- Proportional gain constant pumped hydro storage [MW/%SOC];
- k-value;
- Proportional gain constant (p-controller) [MW/%SOC];
- load<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Real-time electricity load at time interval [MW];
- p<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- SOC pumped hydro storage [%];
- p<SUB loc="post">s</SUB>;
- Initial SOC pumped hydro storage [%];
- p2g<SUB loc="post">s</SUB>;
- Initial SOC power-to-gas storage [%];
- p2g<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- SOC power-to-gas[%];
- Pb<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Power generation biomass [MW];
- Pgap<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Sum of total renewable generation (factorized);
- load and power rating pumped hydro and power-to-gas [MW];
- Ph<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Power generation hydro run-of-river and poundage [MW];
- Pp2g<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Charging/ discharging power rating power-to-gas storage [MW];
- PpF<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Power photovoltaic factorized (Assumed power generation Photovoltaic) [MW];
- Ppump<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Charging/ discharging power rating pumped hydro storage [MW];
- PrenF<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Total renewable power generation factorized (Total renewable generation applied in the scenario) [MW];
- PwF<SUB loc="post">t</SUB>;
- Power wind factorized (Assumed power generation Wind Onshore) [MW];
- SOC;
- State of charge [%];
- ω<SUB loc="post">b</SUB>;
- Set point lithium-ion battery SOC [%];
- ω<SUB loc="post">p</SUB>;
- Set point pumped hydro SOC [%];
- η<SUB loc="post">b</SUB>;
- Lithium-ion battery efficiency [%];
- η<SUB loc="post">p</SUB>;
- Pumped hydro storage efficiency [%];
- η<SUB loc="post">g</SUB>;
- Power-to-gas storage efficiency [%]