Analytic, Turbulent Pressure Driven Mass Loss from Red Supergiants

Despite the important role mass loss in the red supergiant phase plays in controlling stellar evolution and massive stars' final supernova fates, a theoretical explanation of the mechanism driving this mass loss has been elusive. In this contribution we present a recent breakthrough [Kee et∼al., 2021] showing that turbulent pressure alone is sufficient to markedly extend the atmospheres of red supergiants and allow a wind to be launched. The resulting theory provides a fully analytic prescription for red supergiant mass-loss rates. Moreover, the theoretical mass-loss rates computed from observationally inferred turbulent velocities are in overall good agreement with observationally inferred red supergiant mass loss. A particularly interesting aspect of this theory is that it is not sensitive to metallicity, providing important implications for stellar evolution and the so-called "red-supergiant problem" for supernova progenitors in various environments.