Recent advancement in 3D graphene for metal-sulfur batteries

Nowadays, metal‑sulfur batteries (MSBs) are becoming the future technology to fill the current technology gaps for the next generation's advanced energy storage system due to their remarkably high energy density, inexpensive, and environmentally safe nature. However, commercialization is impeded by various challenges, including poor electrical conductivity of sulfur and its reduction products, low utilization of active material, confined sulfur loading, and metal polysulfide (MPSs) shuttling effect. To mitigate these issues, numerous nanostructured carbon materials are developed, such as zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and two-dimensional (2D) by tuning their morphology, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical stability by minimizing volume variation and trying to improve electrochemistry kinetics. The present review emphasizes the importance of 3D graphene material in the energy storage sector, particularly for the MSBs, especially for the Li/Na/Mg/Al metal. The revolution of 3D graphene from 1D and 2D graphene and their preparation techniques and importance in battery applications are covered. This review article also includes a brief overview of MSBs and the various electrode materials that can be used in such batteries. Later, discussions of preparation methods for 3D graphene are covered, primarily by employing the reduction of graphene, hydrocarbons, graphitization of carbon, and inorganic carbon compounds. Finally, a brief outlook is provided on the potential future growth of MSBs.