Approximation of rigid obstacle by highly viscous fluid

In this paper, we study the problem concerning the approximation of a rigid obstacle for flows governed by the stationary Navier–Stokes equations in the two-dimensional case. The idea is to consider a highly viscous fluid in the place of the obstacle. Formally, as the fluid viscosity goes to infinity inside the region occupied by the obstacle, we obtain the original problem in the limit. The main goal is to establish a better regularity of approximate solutions. In particular, the pointwise estimate for the gradient of the velocity is proved. We give numerical evidence that the penalized solution can reasonably approximate the problem, even for relatively small values of the penalty parameter.