AI-assisted superresolution cosmological simulations

Cosmological simulations are indispensable for understanding our Universe, from the creation of the cosmic web to the formation of galaxies and their central black holes. This vast dynamic range incurs large computational costs, demanding sacrifice of either resolution or size and often both. We build a deep neural network to enhance low-resolution dark-matter simulations, generating superresolution realizations that agree remarkably well with authentic high-resolution counterparts on their statistical properties and are orders-of-magnitude faster. It readily applies to larger volumes and generalizes to rare objects not present in the training data. Our study shows that deep learning and cosmological simulations can be a powerful combination to model the structure formation of our Universe over its full dynamic range.