$Z_1$-oscillation in the retarding force of metals for slow ions: Comparative study of theoretical modelings

Theoretical calculations, applying elements of the orbital-based density functional method for self-consistent screening in an electron gas to the stopping power of metals for slow projectiles are reviewed, by focusing on differences in modelings. New, two-channel-based results on the average retarding force are presented. All theoretical results are compared with pioneering experimental data, obtained for carbon target, on $Z_1$-oscillation in stopping at random collisional condition.