A Stable Lead (II) Oxide-Carbon Composite Anode Candidate for Secondary Lithium Batteries
Abstract
We report a nanoparticulate lead oxide-carbon composite based rechargeable lithium battery anode. The composite is formed by pyrolyzing lead citrate, produced in the recycling of the lead paste of old lead acid batteries. The lead oxide nanoparticles of the composite are encased in, and supported by, flexible and conductive carbon. The encasing carbon buffers the expansion/shrinkage caused by lithiation/de-lithiation of lead, aiding in the maintenance of structural integrity and capacity retention throughout extensive cycling. 90% of the initial reversible gravimetric capacity of 385 mAh g-1 and volumetric capacity of 622 mAh cm-3 is retained after 400 cycles at a specific current density of 225 mA g-1 (C/2). 94% of the initial reversible gravimetric capacity of 429 mAh g-1 and volumetric capacity of 673 mAh cm-3 is retained after 400 cycles at a specific current of 113 mA g-1 (C/4). Employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, we investigate how the structural composition of the PbO-C promotes its high capacity retention throughout prolonged galvanostatic cycling.
- Publication:
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Journal of the Electrochemical Society
- Pub Date:
- January 2020
- DOI:
- 10.1149/1945-7111/ab8116
- Bibcode:
- 2020JElS..167f0509W
- Keywords:
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- lithium batteries;
- lead oxide composite