Five Years Watching Volcanoes on Another World

For all that space telescopes are powerful tools for exploring our universe, we can achieve some remarkable science using ground-based observations! A new study explores the lessons learned from five years of monitoring Jupiters volcanic moon Io from the ground.This set of images from Keck, all taken within 30 minutes of each other, demonstrates the range of filters used to observe Io during this campaign. [de Kleer et al. 2019]A Dramatic LandscapeJupiters innermost moon, Io, is a dramatic, roiling world of heated activity. The moons not-quite-circular orbit means that it receives a varying gravitational tug from Jupiter, generating friction and warming up the moons interior. This heat then escapes from Ios surface in the form of active volcanic vents, tremendous explosions, and scalding lava flows.Continuous monitoring of all of these activities Ios hotspots, or locations of thermal emission is essential to understand how heat is dissipated in this violently active moon. Weve had the opportunity to explore Ios volcanism up close as the Voyager, Galileo, Cassini, and New Horizons missions have each passed by the moon, revealing more than 150 active volcanoes on Ios surface. But these brief flybys dont provide the important long-term, high-cadence observations of Ios hotspots needed to truly track its activity.Luckily, space-based astronomy is not the only solution!View from the GroundOver the last five years, scientists have carefully monitored Ios thermal emission using the Keck and Gemini North telescopes located in Hawaii.Think their observations couldnt possibly be as useful as the up-close data from space telescopes? Think again! The powerful adaptive optics on Keck and Gemini North allowed the team to resolve down to distances of 100500 km on Ios surface in infrared a scale not far from the resolution attained by the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on Galileo during its flybys.Whats more, the flexible scheduling of Gemini North and a dedicated observing program at Keck made it possible for the team to gather 271 nights of observations of Io over 5 years. In a new study led by Katherine de Kleer (California Institute of Technology), the team now details what theyve learned from this campaign.Lessons from HotspotsSpatial distribution of hotspot thermal emission detected on Io in 20132018. [de Kleer et al. 2019]Five years of observing have produced a grand total of 980 detections of more than 75 unique hotspots. A few points of interest from these observations:The brightest eruptions are generally short-lived (lasting only a few days) and very hot (above 800 K, or nearly 1,000F). They also almost all cluster in Ios trailing hemisphere the side of the moon located away from its direction of motion. This trend remains unexplained.A number of new hotspots have only been detected in the past three years. Some of these likely existed before but only emit sporadically; others may have arisen more recently.113 detections of the extremely active Loki Patera hint at a periodicity to this volcano of 470 days behavior that could be tied to Ios orbital properties.The authors have made all of their hotspot data available for public download and invite the astronomy community to extend their work. Between future analysis of these data and further observations of Io, we can certainly look forward to more insights into this heated, dynamic world.CitationIos Volcanic Activity from Time Domain Adaptive Optics Observations: 20132018, Katherine de Kleer et al 2019 AJ 158 29. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2380