Effect of poling orientation on piezoelectric materials operating in longitudinal mode

This study puts forward the consequence of poling direction on piezoelectric materials operating in longitudinal (d₃₃) mode. It has been mathematically presented that piezoelectric strain coefficients get altered due to poling direction. Further, this concept was developed theoretically to investigate the effect of poling angle on sensing and actuation capabilities of the piezoelectric materials particularly operating in d₃₃ mode. To demonstrate the effect, a cantilever based interdigitated electrode configuration has been considered with different materials including 0.3BaTiO₃-0.7NaNbO₃ (BT-NNb), K_0.475Na_0.475Li_0.05(Nb_0.92Ta_0.05Sb_0.03) (KNLNTS), Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-PbTiO₃ (PMN-PT) and Pb[Zr_xTi_1-x] (PZT-5A) . In addition to poling direction, the effect of electrode width and electrode separation distance was also investigated. Upon poling tuning, enhanced {d}_{33}(eff) d 33 e f f was displayed only by BT-NNb and PMN-PT due to large difference between magnitudes of piezoelectric strain coefficients. On the other hand, in terms of sensing and actuation substantial increment was observed these two materials while the performance of PZT-5A deteriorated with increasing poling angle. An increment of 4400% and 87% was observed in BT-NNb and PMN-PT respectively in actuation while sensing performance increased by ∼2460% and ∼210% for BT-NNb and PMN-PT respectively.