Impact of ambient PM2.5 on adverse birth outcome and potential molecular mechanism
Abstract
PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) refers to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of equal and less than 2.5 μm that tends to be suspended for long periods of time and travel over long distances in both outdoor and indoor atmospheres. PM2.5, along with the toxic compounds attached on it, may cause a wide range of disorders. The fetus is considered to be highly susceptible to a variety of toxicants including atmospheric pollutants such as PM2.5 through prenatal exposure. To better understand the relationship between maternal exposure to PM2.5 and adverse birth outcomes for reproduction and fetus development, we studied the published data on this issue including case-control studies, cohort studies and meta-analyses studies, and summarized the basic impact of ambient particulate matter on adverse birth outcomes. Research evidence indicates that PM2.5 has a potential to induce low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), and stillbirth. A further in-depth analysis shows that oxidative stress, DNA methylation, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content alteration, and endocrine disruptions may all play an important role in PM2.5 induced adverse effects to pregnant women and fetuses. In addition, PM2.5 exposure can cause male reproductive toxicity, leading to associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
- Publication:
-
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
- Pub Date:
- March 2019
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.109
- Bibcode:
- 2019EcoES.169..248L
- Keywords:
-
- PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>;
- particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter;
- PM;
- particulate matter;
- LBW;
- low birth weight;
- PTB;
- preterm birth;
- mtDNA;
- mitochondrial DNA;
- PAHs;
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
- SGA;
- small for gestational age;
- DEP;
- diesel exhaust particles;
- GD;
- gestational day;
- OR;
- odds ratio;
- TLBW;
- term low birth weight;
- BMI;
- body mass index;
- IQR;
- interquartile range;
- LCC;
- low concentration cut-off;
- RRs;
- relative risk;
- ROS;
- reactive oxygen species;
- EPFRs;
- environmentally persistent free radicals;
- 8-OHdG;
- 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine;
- OGG1;
- oxoguanine glycosylase 1;
- PROGRESS;
- Programming Research in Obesity;
- Growth;
- Environment and Social Stressors;
- D-loop;
- displacement loop;
- MT-RNR1;
- mitochondrial RNR1;
- BER;
- base excision repair;
- NER;
- nucleotide excision repair;
- APEX1;
- AP endonuclease 1;
- ERCC1-4;
- Excision repair complementing factors 1 and 4;
- CLOCK;
- circadian locomotor output cycles kaput;
- NPAS2;
- neuronal PAS domain-containing protein 2;
- CRY1-2;
- crypto chrome circadian clock 1 or 2;
- PER1-3;
- period circadian clock 1;
- 2 or 3;;
- ENVIRONAGE;
- environmental influence on early aging;
- EDCs;
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals;
- POPs;
- Persistent organic pollutants;;
- hCG;
- Human chorionic gonadotropin;
- 3β-HSD1;
- 3β-Hhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase;
- SD;
- Sprague Dawley;
- LDH;
- lactate dehydrogenase;
- TUNEL;
- terminal dUTP nick-end labelling