Immersive undergraduate research experiences: maximizing benefits for diverse students

A primary goal of the NSF Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program is to increase participation in STEM among the US population, making sure all social groups are appropriately represented and have access to STEM education and career opportunities. REUs provide students the chance to 1) engage in research and professional development opportunities/activities, 2) familiarize themselves with STEM pathways, and 3) make informed decisions about continuing in STEM. Most REU programs actively seek applicants from groups underrepresented in science and from institutions that do not have available research opportunities. The effectiveness and outcome of REU engagement depends on many factors, including student backgrounds, previous experiences, and cohort composition. Across multiple years for the REU Site at the University of Arizona (UA) Biosphere 2, we analyzed student demographics and the history of students' previous participation in research activities, together with program outcomes (based on student surveys and participation in professional meetings) data, to examine how program effectiveness depends on cohort composition. We examined the effect of increasing the number of underrepresented, 1^st generation, and community college students in the program on changes in the cohort's interest in pursuing a graduate degree in STEM after program completion; knowledge of Earth and environmental sciences and the specific subject area of their research; confidence in executing Earth science research; ability to manage and analyze data; and ability to communicate to the public about their research. Our findings can be used to inform approaches to attract and support students who would benefit most from REU summer programs and improve outcomes for all students.