Beech bark disease in North America: Over a century of research revisited
Abstract
Beech bark disease is a devastating and persistent disturbance of American beech. Disease organisms, development, spread, impacts, and management are reviewed. Considerations and knowledge gaps are presented to inform research and management.
- Publication:
-
Forest Ecology and Management
- Pub Date:
- June 2017
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.031
- Bibcode:
- 2017ForEM.394...86C
- Keywords:
-
- Neonectria;
- Cryptococcus fagisuga;
- Fagus grandifolia;
- Invasive species;
- Forest disease