Towards Removing the Southern Ocean Short Wave Bias in HadGEM3: Mixed-phase Cloud Improvements.

Many IPCC models suffer from significant Sea Surface Temperature (SST) biases in the Southern Ocean that adversely affects the representation of the cryosphere and global circulation in these models. Evidence suggests that much of this error is linked to Short Wave (SW) radiation, sensible and latent heat biases. Flaws in the representation of clouds and a deficit of supercooled liquid water in mixed-phase clouds are suspected as a likely source of the SW error. A physically based method that uses subgrid turbulence to control a new liquid production term has been developed. Comparisons between theory, based on a stochastic differential equation used to represent supersaturation fluctuations, and decametre resolution Large Eddy Simulations will be presented. An implementation of this approach in a GCM shows an increased prevalance of supercooled liquid water and a reduction in the magnitude of the Southern Ocean SW bias. To conclude, we will summarize the complete package of changes that have been made to tackle the Southern Ocean SST bias in a physically meaningful way.