Sublimation-driven erosion on Hyperion: Topographic analysis and landform simulation model tests

The unique appearance of Hyperion can be explained in part by the loss to space of ballistic ejecta during impact events, as was proposed by Thomas et al. (Thomas, P.C. et al. [2007a]. Icarus 190, 573-584). We conclude that such loss is a partial explanation, accounting for the lack of appreciable intercrater plains on a saturation-cratered surface. In order to create the smooth surfaces and the reticulate, honeycomb pattern of narrow divides between old craters, appreciable subsequent modification of crater morphology must occur through mass-wasting processes accompanied by sublimation, probably facilitated by the loss of CO₂ as a component of the relief-supporting matrix of the bedrock. During early stages of crater degradation, steep, crenulate bedrock slopes occupy the upper crater walls with abrupt transitions downslope onto smooth slopes near the angle of repose mantled by mass wasting debris, as can be seen within young craters. Long-continued mass wasting eventually results in slopes totally mantled with particulate debris. This mass wasting effectively destroys small craters, at least in part accounting for the paucity of sub-kilometer craters on Hyperion. Surface temperatures measured by Cassini CIRS range from 58 K to 127 K and imply a surface thermal inertia of 11 ± 2 J m^-2 K^-1 s^-1/2 and bolometric albedo ranging from 0.05 to 0.33. Resulting H₂O sublimation rates are only tens of cm per billion years for most of the surface, so the evolution of the observed landforms is likely to require sublimation of more volatile species such as CO₂.