Studies on scalability and scaling laws for the plasma focus: similarities and differences in devices from 1 MJ to 0.1 J

A comprehensive analysis of scaling laws for plasma focus devices producing neutrons is presented. Similarities and differences in plasma focus devices working with stored energies ranging from 1 MJ to 0.1 J are found. First, a brief review listing the most important results achieved by the Thermonuclear Plasma Department of the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission, CCHEN, is presented. The aim of the work at CCHEN has been to characterize the physics of dense plasma foci and also to carry out the design and construction of smaller devices—in terms of both input energy and size—capable of providing dense hot plasmas. Certain scaling rules have been found from this research. These rules combined with other scaling laws have been applied to design and construct plasma focus devices with storage energy in a region never explored before (tens of joules and less than 1 J). Thus, a comprehensive analysis also including results from other groups is presented. In particular, all the devices, from the largest to the smallest, maintain the same value of ion density, magnetic field, plasma sheath velocity, Alfvén speed and the quantity of energy per particle. Therefore, fusion reactions are even possible to obtain in ultraminiature devices (driven by generators of 0.1 J for example), as they are in the larger devices (driven by generators of 1 MJ). However, the stability of the plasma pinch highly depends on the size and energy of the device.