The onset of X-ray emission in young stellar objects. A Chandra observation of the Serpens star-forming region

Aims: To study the properties of X-ray emission from young stellar objects (YSOs) through their evolution from Class I to Class III and determine whether Class 0 protostars emit X-rays.
Methods: A deep Chandra X-ray observation of the Serpens star-forming region was obtained. The Serpens Cloud Core is ideally suited for this type of investigation, being populated by a dense and extremely young cluster whose members are found in all evolutionary stages, including six well-studied Class 0 sources.
Results: None of the six Class 0 protostars is detected in our observations, excluding the presence of sources with typical X-ray luminosities ⪆ 0.4 × 10³⁰ erg s^-1 (for column densities of the order of 4 × 10²³ cm^-2, or A_V ∼ 200). A total of 85 X-ray sources are detected and the light curves and spectra of 35 YSOs are derived. There is a clear trend of decreasing absorbing column densities as one moves from Class I to Class III sources, and some evidence of decreasing plasma temperatures, too. We observe a strong, long-duration, flare from a Class II low-mass star, for which we derive a flaring loop length of the order of 20 stellar radii. We interpret the flaring event as originating from a magnetic flux tube connecting the star to its circumstellar disk. The presence of such a disk is supported by the detection, in the spectrum of this star, of 6.4 keV Fe fluorescent emission.

Section 6, Tables 5 and 6, and Fig. 13 are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org