Dissipative Flow and Vortex Shedding in the Painlevé Boundary Layer of a Bose-Einstein Condensate

This paper addresses the drag force and formation of vortices in the boundary layer of a Bose-Einstein condensate stirred by a laser beam following the experiments of <article>C. Raman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.<coden>PRLTAO</coden><issn>0031-9007</issn> 83, 2502 (1999)<doi>10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.2502</doi></article>. We make our analysis in the frame moving at constant speed where the beam is fixed. We find that there is always a drag around the laser beam. We also analyze the mechanism of vortex nucleation. At low velocity, there are no vortices and the drag has its origin in a wakelike phenomenon: This is a particularity of trapped systems since the density gets small in an extended region. The shedding of vortices starts only at a threshold velocity and is responsible for a large increase in drag. This critical velocity for vortex nucleation is lower than the critical velocity computed for the corresponding 2D problem at the center of the cloud.