Satellite communications and amateur radio

Amateur radio use of Radio-1 and Radio-2 satellite communications is described since its beginning in October, 1978, which involves cooperation between DOSAAF and engineering and student design bodies. Second generation satellites Radio-3 and Radio-8 offered the possibility of an expanded system, and much work was done to increase useful life and reliability of space radio communications. Soviet and foreign radio amateurs currently make use of this equipment, and competitions via earth satellites were organized. Of special importance are communications for scholarly, educational and practical purposes with Arctic and Antarctic stations. Most amateur communication satellites are in low orbits, with the exception of the Phase-3 satellite of AMCAT. Commercial use and communications with remote areas with small populations are also discussed. Increased power and standardized design for wider uses are goals for development in coming years.