Waveguide electrooptic modulators

Research on waveguide modulators is now in a rather advanced stage, and the evolution to application in such areas as optical communication and high-speed signal processing appears to be imminent. A review is conducted of the current status of the field with emphasis on design considerations for optimizing overall device performance. In connection with the rapid reduction of loss in glass fibers in the late 1960's, waveguide modulators were investigated primarily because of their compatibility with fibers and because of the ultimate goal of integration. However, in addition, the drive power advantage of waveguide modulators over their bulk counterparts was quickly realized. Dielectric waveguides and their fabrication are considered along with the electrooptic effect, the modulator voltage, the lumped electrode, the traveling wave, semiconductor waveguide modulators, and intensity modulators. A summary of reported modulator results is provided, taking into account design considerations, and applications.