Calorimeters for measurement of ions, x rays, and scattered radiation in laser-fusion experiments

Several types of calorimeters have been developed for measuring ions, x rays, and scattered radiation produced by fusion experiment targets imploded by laser pulses. One version for ions and x rays uses metal absorbers in a differential arrangement to compensate for the small fraction of scattered laser radiation that is also absorbed; the other version uses a glass absorber which transmits most of the scattered laser radiation. The scattered-radiation calorimeters use a transparent glass shield to remove ions and x rays and colored glass to absorb the radiation.