Theory and practice of frequency-controlled oscillators

The paper discusses voltage-controlled crystal oscillators (frequency-controlled oscillators) which are quartz crystal oscillators whose frequency varies linearly with applied control voltage. The variation of frequency is constrained by the nature of the crystal depending on the piezoelectric frequency and vibration mode. The electrical characteristics of the oscillator are examined including nominal frequency, linearity, and stability. The use of varactors, function generators and quartz-associated circuits is discussed along with frequency regulation and temperature compensation. Various types of oscillators are considered: two-quartz oscillators, oscillators with a nominal frequency exceeding 30 MHz, lithium tantalate oscillators, and oscillators for FM.