Noise and fluctuations in electronic devices and circuits

Relations between signals and noise are considered, taking into account parameter fluctuations, the concept of a statistical ensemble, parameter averages, stationary processes, observations, periodic signals, and the structure of noise calculations. Aspects of temperature-limited shot noise are discussed along with power spectra, Johnson noise, noise and statistical mechanics, noise and quantum mechanics, flicker noise, noise in vacuum tubes, noise in junction diodes, bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors, and linear amplifiers. Other topics examined are related to transistor amplifiers, low-frequency amplifiers, electron-beam tubes, parametric amplifiers, masers, oscillators, mixers and phase-sensitive detectors, detectors, and photomultipliers and photodiodes.