Human interactions and automation in space payload operations

This paper presents a cataloging and functional analysis of basic satellite operations which are characteristic of operational space systems. It considers both the past practices and potential future applications for these types of space systems. The space functions are broken down to fundamental elements which allow relating to human capabilities and automating techniques to provide a qualitative view of the relative merit of each approach. Manned participation, both on board the spacecraft and through communicating links, is addressed. Included in the analysis of payloads are the upper stage options utilizing the Shuttle, considering both interim stage capabilities as well as advanced retrieval and/or on-orbit servicing capabilities. Cost considerations are included in the manned applications discussion to provide insight as to how economics may shape future applications of automated techniques.