A planar waveguide in terbium gallium garnet crystal produced by carbon ion implantation
Abstract
Terbium-gallium-garnet (TGG) crystals have attracted considerable attention as one of the most suitable magneto-optical materials to produce optical isolators. In this work, we report an improved TGG planar waveguide fabricated by the carbon-ion implantation. Considering that the previously reported carbon-implanted TGG waveguide with a dose of 5.0 × 1014 ions cm-2 cannot propagate light waves, we increase the fluence to 1.0 × 1015 ions cm-2 and collect the near-field light intensity profile by the end-face coupling measurement. By simulating the energy loss distribution and analyzing the reconstructed refractive index profile, we figure out the formation theory of the planar waveguides. Moreover, we observe the guided modes in the dark-mode spectrum and further verify the confinement of light in the TGG waveguide. The investigation on planar waveguides in TGG crystals will be beneficial to the progress of micro-isolators in the integrated optical systems.
- Publication:
-
Materials Research Express
- Pub Date:
- August 2019
- DOI:
- 10.1088/2053-1591/ab22e4
- Bibcode:
- 2019MRE.....6h6443W
- Keywords:
-
- terbium gallium garnet;
- planar waveguide;
- carbon-ion implantation