Organic matter enrichment of the Late Triassic Yanchang Formation (Ordos Basin, China) under dysoxic to oxic conditions: Insights from pyrite framboid size distributions

Pyrite framboids are spherical or ellipsoidal compact aggregates of submicron pyrite microcrystals. The various lithologies in the Chang 7 Member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation contain abundant pyrite framboids, which provide an opportunity to understand the fluctuation in paleoredox conditions and relative sedimentation rates during deposition. The measured diameters of the pyrite framboids in the Chang 7 Member are characterized by large mean diameters (9.7-16.6 μm) with a wide distribution range that plots in the area indicative of dysoxic to oxic paleoredox conditions during deposition of the Chang 7 sediments. Based on correlation analysis, the strong correlation between paleoredox-sensitive trace elements ratios (V/Cr, U/Th, and Cu/Zn) and the mean size of framboids indicate that the latter can serve as a reliable indicator of paleoredox conditions. The results of the framboid size distribution can also be interpreted through Crystal Size Distribution Theory (CSDT). According to CSDT, the relative sedimentation rate of the Chang 7 Member fluctuated during deposition in parallel with fluctuation in lacustrine levels. Furthermore, the strongly positive correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and paleoredox conditions indicates that although relatively high sedimentation rate may have contributed to the dysoxic-oxic conditions that were harmful to the preservation of organic matter, but it may also have brought nutrients to increase productivity. Similarly, the correlation between TOC and relative sedimentation rates suggests that the relative sedimentation rates can affect organic matter enrichment in several ways. A high sedimentation rate is favourable for the preservation of organic matter, which can be prevented from oxidation, but large amounts of sediments can dilute the organic matter, which reduces the organic matter abundance in a potential source rock.