Dynamic charge-discharge phase transitions in Li3V2(PO4)3 cathodes
Abstract
Monoclinic α-Li3V2(PO4)3 is a promising cathode material for future Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, good capacity retention and relatively high ionic conductivity. The material undergoes a series of complex phase transitions which depend on the number of Li-ions extracted during charge. The phase behavior has been extensively studied under (quasi-) equilibrium conditions, however insight into the phase evolution during dynamic conditions is lacking. Through operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction we report the complex series of structural phase transitions under dynamic battery charge-discharge conditions in α-Li3V2(PO4)3 cathodes with extraction of both two and three Li-ions. For extraction of two Li-ions, the phase evolution follows the series of expected two-phase transitions, while for extraction of three Li-ions the dynamic phase behavior differs significantly from that observed by equilibrium studies, e.g. we reveal unexpected solid solution behavior during removal of the last Li-ion and unforeseen structural hysteresis between charge and discharge. Our results are further reinforced by electrochemical analysis. This paper joins a series of recent reports, where extended solid solution behavior in battery electrode materials is observed under operando conditions, and reinforces the importance of these types of measurements to provide a more realistic picture of working battery materials.
- Publication:
-
Journal of Power Sources
- Pub Date:
- August 2018
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.06.023
- Bibcode:
- 2018JPS...396..437S
- Keywords:
-
- Li-ion batteries;
- Phase transition;
- Li<SUB>3</SUB>V<SUB>2</SUB>(PO<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>;
- Operando PXD;
- Cathode materials