Arctic winter longwave aerosol indirect effect with a new parameterization of frost flower salt particle emissions

Frost flowers are clusters of highly saline ice crystals growing on newly formed sea ice or frozen lakes. Based on observations of particles derived from frost flowers in the Arctic, we formulate an observation-based parameterization of salt aerosol source function from frost flowers. The particle flux from frost flower in winter is of the order of 10⁶ m^-2 s^-1 at the wind speed of 10 m s^-1, but the source flux is highly sensitive to the wind speed. We have implemented this parameterization in the regional model of WRF-Chem to quantify the potential longwave aerosol indirect effect during the Arctic winter from frost flower particles.