A new dimension in the variability of AGB stars: Convection patterns size changes with pulsation

Context. Stellar convection plays an important role in atmospheric dynamics, wind formation, and the mass-loss processes in asymptotic giant branch stars. However, a direct characterization of convective surface structures in terms of size, contrast, and lifespan is quite challenging, as spatially resolving these features requires the highest angular resolution.
Aims: We aim to characterize the size of convective structures on the surface of the O-rich AGB star R Car to test different theoretical predictions based on mixing-length theory from solar models.
Methods: We used infrared low-spectral resolution (R ∼ 35) interferometric data in the H-band (∼1.76 μm) obtained by the instrument PIONIER at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) to image the star's surface at two epochs separated by approximately six years. Using a power spectrum analysis, we estimated the horizontal size of the structures on the surface of R Car. The sizes of the stellar disk at different phases of a pulsation cycle were obtained using parametric model fitting in the Fourier domain.
Results: Our analysis supports that the sizes of the structures in R Car are correlated with variations in the pressure scale height in the atmosphere of the target, as predicted by theoretical models based on solar convective processes. We observed that these structures grow in size when the star expands within a pulsation cycle. While the information is still scarce, this observational finding highlights the role of convection in the dynamics of those objects. New interferometric imaging campaigns with the renewed capabilities of the VLTI are envisioned to expand our analysis to a larger sample of objects.

Based on observations made with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) at the Paranal Observatory under programs ID 0104.D-0390(A), 0104.D-0390(B), 0104.D-0390(C), and 60.A-9237(A).