Propagation and lensing of gravitational waves in Palatini f (R ^) gravity

Accelerated expansion of the Universe prompted searches of modified gravity theory beyond general relativity, instead of adding a mysterious dark energy component with exotic physical properties. One such alternative gravity approach is metric-affine Palatini f (R ^) theory. By now routine gravitational wave detections have opened a promising avenue of searching for modified gravity effects. Future expected cases of strong lensing of gravitational waves will enhance this opportunity further. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the propagation and gravitational lensing of gravitational waves in Palatini f (R ^) gravity and compare it with general relativity. Using the Wentzel- Kramers-Brillouin approximation we explore the geometric-optical limit of lensing and derive the corrections to the measured luminosity distance of the gravitational source. In addition, we study the lensing by the singular isothermal sphere lens model and show that Palatini f (R ^) modifies the lensing potential and hence the deflection angle. Then we show that the lens model and chosen theory of gravity influence the rotation of the gravitational wave polarization plane through the deflection angle. To be more specific we discuss the f (R ^)=R ^+α R^{^2} gravity theory and find that the modifications compared to general relativity are negligible if the upper bound of α ∼10⁹ m² suggested in the literature is adopted. However, this bound is not firmly established and can be updated in the future. Therefore, the results we obtained could be valuable for further metric-affine gravity vs general relativity tests involving lensing of gravitational waves and comparison of luminosity distances measured from electromagnetic and gravitational wave sources.