A Lab-scale Investigation of the Mars Kieffer Model

The Kieffer model is a widely accepted explanation for seasonal modification of the Martian surface by CO₂ ice sublimation and the formation of a "zoo" of intriguing surface features. However, the lack of in situ observations and empirical laboratory measurements of Martian winter conditions hampers model validation and refinement. We present the first experiments to investigate all three main stages of the Kieffer model within a single experiment: (i) CO₂ condensation on a thick layer of Mars regolith simulant; (ii) sublimation of CO₂ ice and plume, spot, and halo formation; and (iii) the resultant formation of surface features. We find that the full Kieffer model is supported on the laboratory scale as (i) CO₂ diffuses into the regolith pore spaces and forms a thin overlying conformal layer of translucent ice. When a buried heater is activated, (ii) a plume and dark spot develop as dust is ejected with pressurized gas, and the falling dust creates a bright halo. During plume activity, (iii) thermal stress cracks form in a network similar in morphology to certain types of spiders, dendritic troughs, furrows, and patterned ground in the Martian high south polar latitudes. These cracks appear to form owing to sublimation of CO₂ within the substrate, instead of surface scouring. We discuss the potential for this process to be an alternative formation mechanism for "cracked" spider-like morphologies on Mars. Leveraging our laboratory observations, we also provide guidance for future laboratory or in situ investigations of the three stages of the Kieffer model.