Convective Overstability in Radially Global Protoplanetary Disks. I. Pure Gas Dynamics

Protoplanetary disks are prone to several hydrodynamic instabilities. One candidate, convective overstability (COS), can drive radial semiconvection that may influence dust dynamics and planetesimal formation. However, the COS has primarily been studied in local models. This paper investigates the COS near the midplane of radially global disk models. We first conduct a global linear stability analysis, which shows that linear COS modes exist only radially inward of their Lindblad resonance (LR). The fastest-growing modes have LRs near the inner radial domain boundary with effective radial wavelengths that can be a substantial fraction of the disk radius. We then perform axisymmetric global simulations and find that the COS's nonlinear saturation is similar to previous incompressible shearing box simulations. In particular, we observe the onset of persistent zonal and elevator flows for sufficiently steep radial entropy gradients. In full 3D, nonaxisymmetric global simulations, we find the COS produces large-scale, long-lived vortices, which induce the outward radial transport of angular momentum via the excitation of spiral density waves. The corresponding α-viscosity values of order 10^‑3 agree well with those found in previous 3D compressible shearing box simulations. However, in global disks, significant modifications to their radial structure are found, including the formation of pressure bumps. Interestingly, the COS typically generates an outward radial mass transport, i.e., decretion. We briefly discuss the possible implications of our results for planetesimal formation and for interpreting dust rings and asymmetries observed in protoplanetary disks.