How Population III Supernovae Determined the Properties of the First Galaxies

Massive Population III stars can die as energetic supernovae that enrich the early Universe with metals and determine the properties of the first galaxies. With masses of about 10⁹ M _⊙ at z ≳ 10, these galaxies are believed to be the ancestors of the Milky Way. This paper investigates the impact of Population III supernova remnants (SNRs) from both Salpeter-like and top-heavy initial mass functions (IMFs) on the formation of first galaxies with high-resolution radiation-hydrodynamical simulations with the ENZO code. Our findings indicate that SNRs from a top-heavy Population III IMF produce more metals, leading to more efficient gas cooling and earlier Population II star formation in the first galaxies. From a few hundred to a few thousand Population II stars can form in the central regions of these galaxies. These stars have metallicities of 10^‑3–10^‑2, Z _⊙, greater than those of extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars. Their mass function follows a power-law distribution with ${dN}({M}_{* })/{{dM}}_{* }\propto {M}_{* }^{\alpha }$ , where M _* is stellar mass, and α = 2.66–5.83 and is steeper for a top-heavy IMF. We thus find that EMP stars were not typical of most primitive galaxies.