Large-scale fate profiling of butralin between cultivated and processed garlics for multi-risk estimations

Elaborating on the fate profiling and risk magnitude of butralin during large-scale applications was conducive to agroecosystems sustainability and dietary rationality. Occurrence, dissipation and concentration variation of butralin were elucidated from garlic cultivation to household processing by tracing UHPLC–MS/MS within 2 min, with regard to original depositions, half-lives, and terminal magnitude in typical origins of garlic. The processing factors (Pfs) of butralin were further clarified among washing, stir-frying and pickling of garlic crops, and pickling was the most effective way for butralin removal with a Pf of 0.092. A probabilistic model with Pfs was further introduced for the comprehensive risk estimations, by reduction factors of 3.1–10.9 from raw garlic crops to processed products. The short-term risks of butralin from green garlic were greater than those between garlic shoot and garlic, with the %ARfDs of 0.030 %–6.323 % from 50^th to 99.9^th percentiles. The long-term risks were inversely correlated to the age of the population, whose location in rural (%ADIs, 0.256 %–0.768 %) suffered more serious exposures than in urban (%ADIs, 0.231 %–0.699 %). High potential risk amplification should be continuously emphasized given the increasing applications and persistent fate of butralin, especially for vulnerable rural children.