Backward Population Synthesis: Mapping the Evolutionary History of Gravitational-wave Progenitors

One promising way to extract information about stellar astrophysics from a gravitational-wave catalog is to compare the catalog to the outputs of stellar population synthesis modeling with varying physical assumptions. The parameter space of physical assumptions in population synthesis is high-dimensional and the choice of parameters that best represents the evolution of a binary system may depend in an as-yet-to-be-determined way on the system's properties. Here we propose a pipeline to simultaneously infer zero-age main-sequence properties and population synthesis parameter settings controlling modeled binary evolution from individual gravitational-wave observations of merging compact binaries. Our pipeline can efficiently explore the high-dimensional space of population synthesis settings and progenitor system properties for each system in a catalog of gravitational-wave observations. We apply our pipeline to observations in the third LIGO-Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. We showcase the effectiveness of this pipeline with a detailed study of the progenitor properties and population synthesis settings that produce mergers like the observed GW150914. Our pipeline permits a measurement of the variation of population synthesis parameter settings with binary properties, if any; we illustrate the possibility of such capability by presenting inferences for the recent GWTC-3 transient catalog that suggest that the stable mass transfer efficiency parameter may vary with primary black hole mass.