A neutron star candidate in the long-period binary 56 UMa

Context. 56 UMa is a wide binary system that contains a chemically peculiar red giant and a faint companion. Due to its surface chemical abundances, the red giant was classified as a barium (Ba) star. This implies that the companion has to be a white dwarf, since Ba stars form when mass is transferred to them from an s-process rich Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star. However, in the case of 56 UMa, the companion might be too massive to be the progeny of an AGB star that efficiently produced s-process elements such as barium.
Aims: In this Letter, we revisit the orbital parameters of the system and perform a full spectral analysis with the goal of investigating the Ba-star classification of the giant and unravelling the nature of its faint companion.
Methods: We combined radial-velocity and astrometric data to refine the orbital parameters of the system, including the orbital inclination and the companion mass. Then, we re-determined the stellar parameters of the giant and its chemical abundances using high-resolution HERMES spectra. Finally, we investigated the morphology of the interstellar gas in the vicinity of the system.
Results: The faint component in 56 UMa has a mass of 1.31 ± 0.12 M_⊙, which, together with the mixed s + r abundance profile of the red giant, confirms that the giant is not a standard barium star. Additionally, the clear identification of a cavity surrounding 56 UMa could indicate that a supernova explosion occurred about 10⁵ years ago in the system, suggesting that the faint companion might be a neutron star. However, finding an evolutionary scenario that explains all the observables is not trivial, so we discuss different possible configurations of the system and their respective merits.