Health effects and known pathology associated with the use of E-cigarettes
Abstract
In recent years, new nicotine delivery methods have emerged, and many users are choosing electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) over traditional tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarette use is very popular among adolescents, with more than 3.5 million currently using these products in the US. Despite the increased prevalence of e-cigarette use, there is limited knowledge regarding the health impact of e-cigarettes on the general population. Based on published findings by others, E-cigarette is associated with lung injury outbreak, which increased health and safety concerns related to consuming this product. Different components of e-cigarettes, including food-safe liquid solvents and flavorings, can cause health issues related to pneumonia, pulmonary injury, and bronchiolitis. In addition, e-cigarettes contain alarmingly high levels of carcinogens and toxicants that may have long-lasting effects on other organ systems, including the development of neurological manifestations, lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and tooth decay. Despite the well- documented potential for harm, e-cigarettes do not appear to increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV- 2 infection. Furthermore, some studies have found that e-cigarette users experience improvements in lung health and minimal adverse effects. Therefore, more studies are needed to provide a definitive conclusion on the long-term safety of e-cigarettes. The purpose of this review is to inform the readers about the possible health-risks associated with the use of e-cigarettes, especially among the group of young and young-adults, from a molecular biology point of view.
- Publication:
-
Toxicology Reports
- Pub Date:
- January 2022
- DOI:
- 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.006
- Bibcode:
- 2022ToxR....9.1357E
- Keywords:
-
- ENDS;
- electronic nicotine delivery system;
- e-cigarettes;
- electronic cigarettes;
- e-liquid;
- e-cigarette liquid;
- e-vapor;
- e-cigarette vapor;
- VG;
- vegetable glycerin;
- PG;
- propylene glycol;
- FDA;
- Food and Drug Administration;
- THC;
- Tetrahydrocannabinol;
- HNSCC;
- head and neck squamous cancer cells;
- XPC;
- xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C;
- OGG1/2;
- 8-oxoguanine glycosylase;
- CYP;
- cytochrome P450;
- PAHs;
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
- ROS;
- reactive oxygen species;
- EMT;
- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition;
- CSC;
- Cancer Stem Cell;
- Sox2;
- SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2;
- Yap1;
- Yes associated protein 1;
- E2F1;
- E2F transcription factor 1;
- Oct4;
- Octamer-binding transcription factor 4;
- ZEB;
- zinc finger E-box binding homeobox;
- ZO-1;
- zonula occludens-1;
- EVALI;
- e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury;
- VAPI;
- vaping-associated pulmonary injury;
- AM;
- alveolar macrophages;
- MPP;
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia;
- BAL;
- bronchial alveolar lavage;
- PAFR;
- platelet-activating factor receptor;
- IL;
- interleukin;
- MCP-1;
- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1;
- CNS;
- central nervous system;
- CS;
- cigarette smoke;
- OS;
- oxidative stress;
- iPSC-EC;
- induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells;
- NOX;
- NADPH oxidase;
- FOXO3;
- forkhead box O3;
- TNF‑α;
- tumor necrosis factor alpha;
- AEC;
- airway epithelial cells;
- NET;
- neutrophil extracellular traps;
- NK;
- natural killer;
- MMP9;
- matrix metallopeptidase 9;
- CC16;
- Clara cell protein 16;
- CM;
- cardiomyocyte;
- COPD;
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
- pAMPK;
- phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase;
- Nrf2;
- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2;
- NQO-1;
- NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1;
- LDL;
- low-density lipoprotein;
- HUVEC;
- human umbilical vein endothelial cells;
- E-cigarettes;
- Vaping;
- Nicotine;
- EVALI;
- Health risks