Applications of GNSS to Lithium-ion Battery Waste Management: Preliminary Analysis Towards Identifying Potential Lithium-ion Battery Waste Locations

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) waste requires specific municipal solid waste (MSW) management and recycling and is currently not handled accordingly to its toxic risk towards humans and the environment. When LIB's are integrated into general waste they pose the risk of explosion, poisonous gases, damage, and leachate amongst other issues. Based on previous work it is critical to consider the level of ignitability, toxicity, and environmental effect of LIB's as society adapts to new energy technology and storage for adaptation and mitigation climate solutions. Designated waste sites are required as many authors predict the rise of electric vehicles as the main contributor to elevated amounts of LIB waste. With fluctuating temperatures of MSW sites that generates unsafe storing conditions, these designated sites can be used to deactivate the cells to lower the risk of corrosion, explosion, and leachate. For this study it is important that we assess Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and more specifically Global Positioning System (GPS) applications to constraining deformation, strain rates, and seismic activity in the United States. We aim to begin the preliminary analysis to identify potential sites by setting strain rate standards from decommissioned and active nuclear waste sites according to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. We expect that the LIB waste sites will withstand greater annual deformation if placed subsurface and can estimate the deformation effect of subsurface sites on its surroundings using strain information from carbon sequestration locations. These are our initial steps we present before using our standards to direct an expansive search within the Basin and Range Province and Midwest areas.