Enhancing Renewable Energy Systems, Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals of United Nation and Building Resilience against Climate Change Impacts

Recent climate warming due to unprecedented rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) are intensifying, widespread and have affected every region on earth in many ways, making extreme climate events more widespread, more frequent, and severe, particularly in 2021. The global community must collectively achieve a large-scale, sustained reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to mitigate the worst consequences of climate warming, by moving away from a predominantly fossil fuel-based economy to one dominated by renewable energy. This transition is necessary to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDG) of United Nations (UN) that provide pathways for positive, systemic change to ensure resilient, productive, and healthy environment for present and future generations. The SDG7 of UN, 'Affordable and Clean Energy', has been set up to facilitate global challenges in the fast development of modern renewable energy systems. Investment policies and patterns of both developed and developing countries should transition to energy productions primarily from renewable sources despite of obstacles such as scale-up challenges, innovations in new energy systems, policies, financing mechanisms, and implementation strategies. This study provides an overview of the present global status of hydropower, wind and solar, the three most significant renewable electricity technologies, as well as their basic operating principles, costs, and potential. Strategies to achieve energy systems that are of net zero or near net zero GHG emissions by 2050s through the deployment of renewable energy systems are also investigated.