Titanium abundances in late-type stars. I. 1D non-local thermodynamic equilibrium modelling in benchmark dwarfs and giants

Context. The titanium abundances of late-type stars are important tracers of Galactic formation history. However, abundances inferred from Ti I and Ti II lines can be in stark disagreement in very metal-poor giants. Departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) have a large impact on the minority neutral species and thus influence the ionisation imbalance, but satisfactory non-LTE modelling for both dwarfs and giants has not been achieved in the literature.
Aims: The reliability of titanium abundances is reassessed in benchmark dwarfs and giants using a new non-LTE model 1D model atmospheres.
Methods: A comprehensive model atom was compiled with a more extended level structure and newly published data for inelastic collisions between Ti I and neutral hydrogen.
Results: In 1D LTE, the Ti I and Ti II lines agree to within 0.06 dex for the Sun, Arcturus, and the very metal-poor stars HD 84937 and HD 140283. For the very metal-poor giant HD 122563, the Ti I lines give an abundance that is 0.47 dex lower than that from Ti II . The 1D non-LTE corrections can reach +0.4 dex for individual Ti I lines and +0.1 dex for individual Ti II lines, and they reduce the overall ionisation imbalance to −0.17 dex for HD 122563. However, the corrections also increase the imbalance for the very metal-poor dwarf and sub-giant to around 0.2 dex.
Conclusions: Using 1D non-LTE reduces the ionisation imbalance in very metal-poor giants but breaks the balance of other very metal-poor stars, consistent with conclusions drawn in the literature. To make further progress, consistent 3D non-LTE models are needed.