Environmental impacts of offshore wind installation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning activities: A case study of Brazil
Abstract
The objective of the paper is to perform a review of the environmental impacts of the installation, operation and maintenance (O&M), and decommissioning of offshore wind technologies. At first, a comprehensive review is presented on offshore wind technologies and techniques related to the installation, O&M, and decommissioning stages. Then a thorough review of environmental issues using the main available studies in the literature associated with the activities of each stage is performed. The review employs an activity–stressor–receptor–impact framework in which the possible positive or negative impacts of an environmental stressor on a specific receptor are identified for each activity, such as pile driving, cabling, blade rotation, etc. Additionally, a case study of Brazil addresses regions with biological resources, marine protected areas, and offshore wind hotspots considering atmospheric reanalysis along the coastline. Moreover, the presence of the offshore oil and gas (O&G) industry is discussed as an important influence on the development of offshore wind projects in Brazil.
- Publication:
-
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
- Pub Date:
- July 2021
- DOI:
- Bibcode:
- 2021RSERv.14410994C
- Keywords:
-
- AL;
- Alagoas;
- ANEEL;
- National Electric Energy Agency;
- ANP;
- National Petroleum Agency;
- AP;
- Amapá;
- BA;
- Bahía;
- CE;
- Ceará;
- CLV;
- Cable-laying vessel;
- CTV;
- Crew transfer vessel;
- EEZ;
- Exclusive economic zone;
- EIA;
- Environmental Impact Assessment;
- EIS;
- Environmental Impact statement;
- EPE;
- Energy Research Office;
- ES;
- Espírito Santo;
- GHG;
- Greenhouse gas;
- GWEC;
- Global Wind Energy Council;
- HDD;
- Horizontal directional drilling;
- IBAMA;
- Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources;
- IEA;
- International Energy Agency;
- IPU;
- Integral protection units;
- JUB;
- Jack-up barges;
- KPI;
- Key performance indicator;
- LCOE;
- Levelized Cost of Electricity;
- MA;
- Maranhão;
- MMA;
- Ministry of Environment;
- MME;
- Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy;
- MSP;
- Marine spatial planning;
- MW;
- MegaWatt;
- O&G;
- Oil and gas;
- OWA;
- Offshore Wind Area;
- OWE;
- Offshore Wind Energy;
- OWF;
- Offshore Wind Farms;
- PA;
- Pará;
- PB;
- Paraíba;
- PE;
- Pernambuco;
- PI;
- Piauí;
- PV;
- Photovoltaic;
- RJ;
- Rio de Janeiro;
- RN;
- Rio Grande do Norte;
- ROV;
- remotely operated vehicles;
- RS;
- Rio Grande do Sul;
- SC;
- Santa Catarina;
- SCADA;
- Supervisory control and data acquisition system;
- SE;
- Sergipe;
- SEA;
- Strategic Environmental Assessment;
- SP;
- São Paulo;
- SUU;
- Sustainable use units;
- TLP;
- tension-leg platform;
- UK;
- The United Kingdom;
- WTIV;
- Wind turbine installation vessel;
- Offshore wind energy;
- Installation;
- O&M;
- Decommissioning;
- Environmental impacts;
- Brazilian offshore wind