Introducing ecosystem engineers for grassland biodiversity conservation: A review of the effects of hemiparasitic Rhinanthus species on plant and animal communities at multiple trophic levels

Hemiparasitic plants, mainly Rhinanthus, are used to restore grasslands in Europe. Synthesis on hemiparasites' effects on communities at various trophic levels. Hemiparasites have mostly either neutral or positive effects on plant diversity. Hemiparasites have either positive or negative effects on herbivores. Implications for nature conservation and suggestions for future research.