The Seismo Acoustics of Submarine Volcanic Eruptions
Abstract
Many of the world's volcanoes are hidden beneath the ocean's surface where eruptions are difficult to observe. However, seismo acoustic signals produced by these eruptions provide a useful means of identifying active submarine volcanism. A literature survey revealed reports of 119 seismo acoustically recorded submarine eruptions since 1939. Submarine eruptions have been recorded in all major tectonic settings, with a range of geochemistries, and at a variety of water depths, but the reports are dominated by eruptions in the Pacific and at only a few locations. Many of the reports offer little detail, with over half of the observations made from distances >500 km, and only about half were confirmed as eruptions by non seismo acoustic evidence. The reported seismo acoustic signals cover a wide variety of processes, including earthquakes, explosions, various types of tremor, signals related to lava extrusion, and landslides. Recorded signals can sometimes be difficult to classify or confidently associate with an eruption, although there has been progress in this regard. Real time monitoring of submarine eruptions has been on going for several decades on regional and global scales with growing interest and effort in local networks. Real time networks are complemented by short term instrument deployments that often give more detailed insights into the dynamics and processes of submarine eruptions. Thorough seismo acoustic monitoring and study has increased our understanding of submarine eruptions, especially of deep sea volcanoes and spreading centers. Despite this, there are still many outstanding questions that need to be addressed for submarine volcanoes to be as well understood and monitored as their terrestrial counterparts.
- Publication:
-
Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth)
- Pub Date:
- April 2021
- DOI:
- 10.1029/2020JB020912
- Bibcode:
- 2021JGRB..12620912T
- Keywords:
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- hydroacoustics;
- seismo acoustics;
- submarine volcano;
- volcanic eruption;
- volcano monitoring;
- volcano seismology