Beyond "Leanear" production: A multi-level approach for achieving circularity in a lean manufacturing context

Despite the growth of the research on lean and green manufacturing systems, consideration of how circular economy principles complement lean has been virtually absent from the literature due to a mismatch between research on lean green, which has focused on the internal manufacturing operations (product and process levels), and research on the circular economy, which takes a broader, more holistic view of environmental impact (the system level). Only a few researchers have considered the lean and the circular together. We argue that there is a need to understand the complementarities and conflicts between "lean" and "circularity". By combining the system level with process and product levels, this paper highlights which potentials in a lean manufacturing context are identified from a circular perspective and how to realize them. In this paper, we present a critical case study conducted at a Swedish manufacturing firm/original equipment manufacturer within the heavy-duty and off-road (HDOR) industry. Our results show that the company is locked into a lean and linear production, where material waste is not seen as a resource. We present how the three levels interplay and argue that they be combined when trying to integrate circular measures into this context.