The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lyα Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster Field at z = 3.1

We present a detailed characterization of the Lyα properties for 93 Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z ~ 3.1 selected from the D1 field of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey, including 24 members of a massive protocluster. The median-stacked Lyα image shows an extended Lyα halo (LAH) surrounding the galaxy with the exponential scale length 4.9 ± 0.7 kpc, which accounts for roughly half of the total line flux. Accounting for the LAH contribution, the total Lyα escape fraction, f_esc, is 40% ± 26%. Combining the data set with existing measurements, we find a dependence of f_esc on the galaxy's UV slope (β) and UV luminosity (L_UV). The simultaneous use of both parameters allows prediction of f_esc within 0.18 dex, a substantial improvement over 0.23 dex when only β is used. The correlation between f_esc and E(B - V) suggests that Lyα photons undergo interstellar dust attenuation in a similar manner to continuum photons. Yet, Lyα transmission is typically higher than that expected for continuum photons at a similar wavelength by a factor, which depends on UV luminosity, up to 2 in the samples we studied. These results hint at complex geometries and physical conditions of the interstellar medium, which affect the Lyα transmission or production. Alternatively, the dust law may change with luminosity leading to an over- or underestimation of f_esc. Finally, we report that protocluster LAEs tend to be bluer and more UV luminous than their field cousins, resulting in systematically higher f_esc values. We speculate that it may be due to the widespread formation of young low-mass galaxies in dense gas-rich environments.