Targeting Bright Metal-poor Stars in the Disk and Halo Systems of the Galaxy

We present the results of spectroscopic follow-up for 1897 low-metallicity star candidates, selected from the Best & Brightest (B&B) Survey, carried out with the GMOS-N/S (Gemini North/South telescopes) and Goodman (SOAR Telescope) spectrographs. From these low-resolution (R ∼ 2000) spectra, we estimate stellar atmospheric parameters, as well as carbon and magnesium abundance ratios. We confirm that 56% of our program stars are metal-poor ([Fe/H] < - 1.0), 30% are very metal-poor (VMP; [Fe/H] < - 2.0), and 2% are extremely metal-poor (EMP; [Fe/H] < - 3.0). There are 191 carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars, resulting in CEMP fractions of 19% and 43% for the VMP and EMP regimes, respectively. A total of 94 confirmed CEMP stars belong to Group I (A(C) ≳ 7.25) and 97 to Group II (A(C) ≲ 7.25) in the Yoon-Beers A(C)-[Fe/H] diagram. Moreover, we combine these data with Gaia EDR3 astrometric information to delineate new target-selection criteria, which have been applied to the Goodman/SOAR candidates, to more than double the efficiency for identification of bona fide VMP and EMP stars in comparison to random draws from the B&B catalog. We demonstrate that this target-selection approach can achieve success rates of 96%, 76%, 28%, and 4% for [Fe/H] ≤ - 1.5, ≤ - 2.0, ≤ - 2.5 and ≤ - 3.0, respectively. Finally, we investigate the presence of dynamically interesting stars in our sample. We find that several VMP/EMP ([Fe/H] ≤ - 2.5) stars can be associated with either the disk system or halo substructures like Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus and Sequoia.