Global climatology and recent trends in the timing, occurrence, and population exposure to dry- and humid-heat extremes from 1979-2019

Extreme heat research has largely focussed on dry-heat, while humid-heat that poses a substantial threat to human health remains relatively understudied. Using hourly high-resolution ERA5 reanalysis and HadISD station data, we provide the first spatially comprehensive, global-scale characterisation of the magnitude, seasonal timing, and frequency of dry- and wet-bulb temperature extremes and their trends. While the peak dry- and humid-heat extreme occurrences often coincide, their timing differs in climatologically-wet regions. Since 1979, dry- and humid-heat extremes have become more frequent over most land regions, with the greatest increases in the tropics and Arctic. Humid-heat extremes have increased disproportionately over populated regions (~5.0 days per-person per-decade) relative to global land-areas (~3.6 days per-unit-land-area per-decade) and population exposure to humid-heat has increased at a faster rate than to dry-heat. Our study highlights the need for a multivariate approach to understand and mitigate future harm from heat stress in a warming world.