Groundwater Quality Impact Assessment on Chronic Kidney Disease in Coastal Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

The effect of groundwater quality on chronic renal disease (CKD) is being studied in the north eastern region of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The concentration of main and minor constituent ions is within the acceptable limits as per WHO and BIS guidelines. According to physiochemical parameters assessed for 200 water samples collected across three seasons and three years, the concentration of major and minor constituent ions is within acceptable limits as per WHO and BIS guidelines. However, anomalous behavior in the occurrence and seasonal variation of some minor elements, such as silica, and trace elements, such as Gallium, Rubidium, Strontium, Lithium, and Cobalt, could be sources of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) prevalence. Although there is a positive correlation between high silica concentrations and high incidence CKD villages, there is no direct relationship for the trace elements Ga, Rb, Sr, Li, and Co. On the other hand, it appears that the high prevalence is due to a combination of factors, including various elemental concentrations.