The Hawking energy on the past lightcone in cosmology

This work studies the Hawking energy in a cosmological context. The past lightcone of a point in spacetime is the natural geometric structure closely linked to cosmological observations. By slicing the past lightcone into a one-parameter family of spacelike two-surfaces, the evolution of the Hawking energy down the lightcone is studied. Strong gravitational fields may generate lightcone self-intersections and wave front singularities. We show that in the presence of swallow-tail type singularities, the Hawking energy and its variation along the null generators of the lightcone remains well-defined and subsequently discuss its positivity and monotonicity.